Introduction to Islamic Inheritance (Faraid)
Faraid (Islamic inheritance law) is the science of dividing an estate according to the rules of Islamic Shariah. The Quran details inheritance laws in Surah An-Nisa with remarkable precision, making it one of the most clearly defined areas of Islamic jurisprudence.
Allah says: "Allah commands you regarding your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females" (An-Nisa: 11). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) encouraged learning this science, saying: "Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to people."
Fixed-Share Heirs (Ashab al-Furud)
Fixed-share heirs are those whom Islamic law assigns specific portions of the estate:
| Heir | Share | Condition |
|---|---|---|
| Husband | 1/2 or 1/4 | 1/2 if no descendants; 1/4 if descendants exist |
| Wife | 1/4 or 1/8 | 1/4 if no descendants; 1/8 if descendants exist |
| Father | 1/6 + residuary | 1/6 when descendants exist |
| Mother | 1/3 or 1/6 | 1/3 if no descendants and no multiple siblings |
| Daughter | 1/2 or 2/3 | 1/2 for one daughter; 2/3 for two or more |
| Son's daughter | 1/2 or 1/6 | 1/6 to complete 2/3 with one daughter |
Steps in Estate Division
- Funeral expenses: Costs of washing, shrouding, and burial are deducted first
- Debt settlement: All debts of the deceased are paid
- Will execution: The will is executed up to one-third for non-heirs
- Inheritance distribution: The remainder is divided among heirs according to their legal shares
Practical Division Example
Example: A man passes away leaving SAR 600,000
Heirs: wife, one son, two daughters
- Wife: 1/8 = 600,000 / 8 = SAR 75,000
- Remainder: SAR 525,000 divided among children (male gets twice the female share)
- Son: 525,000 x 2/4 = SAR 262,500
- Each daughter: 525,000 x 1/4 = SAR 131,250
Impediments to Inheritance
- Killing: The killer does not inherit from the victim
- Difference in religion: No inheritance between Muslim and non-Muslim
- Slavery: (Historical) no longer applicable
Frequently Asked Questions
Conclusion
Faraid is one of the most noble Islamic sciences as it directly relates to people's financial rights. Understanding inheritance laws helps achieve justice and preserve rights. Use our inheritance calculator to get an accurate division according to Islamic Shariah.